Thomas Merton, Orthodoxy and Alaska: A Patristic Vision of Unity – Ron Dart
If I can unite in myself the thought and the devotion of Eastern and Western Christendom, the Greek and the Latin Fathers, the Russians with the Spanish mystics, I can prepare in myself the reunion of divided Christians. From that secret and unspoken unity in myself can eventually come a visible and manifest unity of all Christians. If we want to bring together what is divided, we cannot do so by imposing one division upon the other or absorbing one division into the other. But if we do this, the union is not Christian. It is political, and doomed to further conflict. We must contain all divided worlds in ourselves and transcend them in Christ.
Thomas Merton, Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander (An Image Book, 1966) - Part One: p. 21
I
Thomas Merton died tragically in Thailand on December 10, 1968. Many is the event planned for 2018 (50 years since his tragic and unexpected death) to commemorate and reflect on the well-lived life of Merton. Merton was set free in 2018 (given the demands on him in both his hermitage and monastic life at Gethsemani monastery) to seek out a hermitage that would offer him more time to enter the deeper meaning of the contemplative life and journey. There are three books that reflect and embody the final phase of Merton’s pilgrimage through time: Woods, Shore, Desert ponders Merton’s May 1968 quest for a hermitage, for the most part, in New Mexico and California. The Asian Journal (much longer) tracks and traces the final couple of months of Merton’s life when in Asia. And, Thomas Merton in Alaska covers the period of time from June 7 to October 2 in which Merton is planning and pondering his trip to Alaska and then from September 17-October 2 is in Alaska. The aim and goal, as mentioned above, throughout the spring-summer-autumn of 1968, was to search out possibilities for a hermitage in which the experience and meaning of the contemplative life could be deepened far from the madding crowd.
Merton was in Eagle River (outside of Anchorage) from September 18-22 in which he led a retreat at the Convent of the Precious Blood. There is a unique connection between the sisters who lived at the Convent of the Precious Blood, Merton and St. John Orthodox (Antiochene) Cathedral that now calls the 55 acres home (and has so for a few decades). The connection between Merton, Orthodoxy and a branch of the conservative evangelical tradition (Campus Crusade now Power to Change) is most interesting. The year was 1968 when Harold/Barbara Dunaway from Campus Crusade (remembering these were the Vietnam years and there was a significant American military base in Anchorage and area) began a mission to the military in the area. The mission grew quite quickly and the Roman Catholic diocese was interested in selling the convent in Eagle River. Harold/Barbara purchased the property in 1972 as a base of sorts for their Campus Crusade-Maranatha North mission. But, significant changes were afoot. Many within the Bill Bright Campus Crusade clan were questioning their understanding of Christianity (much too thin, a-historic and extremely protestant parachurch and schismatic). The journey of many within Campus Crusade to Antiochene Orthodoxy has been aptly and evocatively told by Peter Gillquist in Becoming Orthodox: A Journey to the Ancient Christian Faith (1992). It was just a matter of time, therefore, before the Convent of the Precious Blood became the center of Orthodoxy in Eagle River and the Anchorage area, many within Campus Crusade being received into the Antiochene Orthodox Church in 1987 after about a decade of studying the Bible and Church History. But, what does this have to do with Thomas Merton and Orthodoxy?
II
I was fortunate to spend time with the Orthodox community in Eagle River for a few days in September 2008 (exactly 40 years after Merton led the retreat at the Convent). There is, of course, a direct connection between Merton, the Roman Catholic Convent, St. John Orthodox Cathedral and St. James’ (fondly called the “Big House”) residence on the property of the Cathedral. Merton gave seven lectures to nuns and priests as part retreat and part workshop when he was in Eagle River: 1) This is God’s Work, 2) Prayer, Personalism, and the Spirit, 3) Building Community on God’s Love, 4) Community, Politics, and Contemplation, 5) Prayer, Tradition, and Experience, 6) Prayer and Conscience and 7) The Life that Unifies. The seven reflections and question-answer sessions are some of the most compact and succinct that Merton has done—a congealed distillation of his finest insights. The lectures by Merton that have much affinity with Orthodoxy are “Prayer, Personalism, and the Spirit” and “Prayer, Tradition and Experience”. Both lectures are worthy of many a meditative reread. Merton has this to say in “Prayer, Personalism, and the Spirit”:
I would like now to talk a little bit about the theology of the Eastern Orthodox Church in which I am also interested and which I think is something that we might profitably explore in the present day.
And,
One of their (Orthodox) theologians in whom I am particularly interested is Vladimir Lossky.
It is pertinent to note that Merton was attracted to Lossky given both Lossky’s critique of the Western notion of the Holy Spirit, his substantive grounding in orthodox mystical theology and the fact that Alaska was the home to many Orthodox with historic Russian Orthodox connections. Merton was quite drawn to the Orthodox and Lossky’s notion of the mystical economy of God, sobornost and kenoticism. Much of “Prayer, Personalism, and the Spirit” was devoted to Orthodoxy just as “Prayer, Tradition, and Experience” delves deeply into the wisdom of the patristic ethos and theology of transformation. When I was in Eagle River and at the Cathedral, many of the laity and priests mentioned to me that they thought the seeds planted by Merton in his retreat/workshops in the autumn of 1968 became the mature plant that was bearing much fruit in the Antiochene community in Eagle River. When I was with the Orthodox community, they kindly allowed me to stay in the Merton room in St. James’ residence—it was more than a meaningful act of hospitality and, when there, I gave a lecture on Merton and Orthodoxy (realizing the topic had its controversial tendencies). The Q. & A. session that followed was lively, informed and animated.
III
I realize, as mentioned above, that the Orthodox community can be quite divided in their acceptance or rejection of Thomas Merton. Much of this has to do with how various Orthodox accept or question the readings and interpretations of Merton by Seraphim Rose or Patrick Reardon. Rose has a substantive following of uncritical devotees and his biography was in the Merton room where I stayed. Father Patrick Reardon is somewhat more nuanced and layered in his read of Merton, but he does raise critical questions about Merton. Needless to say, both men are viewed by some within the Orthodox community with much respect and honour. There has, of course, been other more irenical and dialogical reads of Merton from within the Orthodox community. The publication of Merton & Hesychasm: The Prayer of the Heart: The Eastern Church (2003) has many fine essays by Kallistos Ware (3), Jim Forest, A.M. Allchin (3) and Rowan Williams on Merton, Hesychasm, and Orthodoxy. The three sections in the tome tell their own weighty tale:
1) Hesychasm: The Gift of Eastern Christianity to Spiritual Practice, 2) Thomas Merton and Eastern Christianity and 3) Hesychasm in the Writings of Thomas Merton. There has been, within the Orthodox tradition clashes between Archbishop Lazar and Seraphim Rose, and Lazar’s more appreciative read of Merton, Thomas Merton and the Hesychastic Tradition: The Problem of Inner Human Suffering (2005) offers a more balanced read of Merton than Rose. The much-respected Anglican, A.M. Allchin, who wrote much on both Orthodoxy and Merton dedicated his fine primer on Orthodoxy and the West, The Kingdom of Love and Knowledge: The Encounter between Orthodoxy and the West (1982) to Vladimir Lossky. It was Allchin, also, who was a supervisor for Rowan Williams Ph.D. on Lossky. And, to complete the circle, Rowan Williams’ more recent book on Thomas Merton, A Silent Action: Engagements with Thomas Merton, has contributions by such significant Orthodox writers as Jim Forest and Kallistos Ware. Both Jim Forest and Kallistos Ware have spoken at the annual Eagle River Institute of Orthodox Christian Studies that is supported by St. John Cathedral.
The fact that September 2018 will be the 50th anniversary since Merton visited Eagle River means that many an event is planned for the occasion. The International Thomas Merton Society (ITMS) is partially funding an event to be held in Eagle River that will reflect on his visit there and the retreats, conferences, and workshops he led when there. I’m sure there will be presentations on Merton and Orthodoxy at this auspicious and historic gathering. I certainly hope to be there.
Bibliography
Cook Mary Grace, Community of Grace: An Orthodox Christian Year in Alaska (Ancient Faith Publishing, 2014).
Dart Ron, “In the Footsteps of Thomas Merton: Alaska”, The Merton Seasonal: A Quarterly Review (Vol. 33, No. 4: Winter 2008).
Brochure: Saint John Orthodox Cathedral: Eagle River, Alaska.