Book Reviews by Brad Jersak
E. Jane Doering and Eric O. Springsted, The Christian
Platonism of Simone Weil (Notre
Dame: UND Press, 2004.
Alan Mendelson, Exiles from Nowhere: The Jews and the
Canadian Elite (Montreal:
Robin Brass Studio, 2008).
In reviewing these two scholarly gems, I read them from a
particular perspective. I am at the fledgling stage of George P. Grant
research, with a special interest in enucleating the animating core of his life
as a contemplative theologian and Canadian ‘prophet.’ One cannot hope to
understand Grant’s work as a philosopher, political scientist and activist
apart from the context of his Weilian Christian Platonism, for in his spiritual
journey out of the dark cave of modernity (think Plato), Simone Weil was truly
his ‘Diotima.’[1] Further,
Grant’s emergence as one of Canada’s preeminent thinkers must be understood in
light of his progressivist liberal pedigree. From that point of view, a book of
essays on Weil’s Christian Platonism and a history that situates him among Canada’s
intellectual elite are must-reads.
Doering and Springsted’s collection of essays on The
Christian Platonism of Simone Weil provide
a great service on a number of important fronts. The ongoing assessment and
appropriation of the life and thought of Simone Weil into North American
scholarship is important, but this seems an understatement. George Grant, who
effectively introduced her to Canada in a 1951 review of Waiting on God for the CBC,[2]
regarded her as a genuine modern saint, divinely inspired, possessed by Christ!
After thirty years of meditating on her journals he testified, “her thought is
next to the Gospels the highest authority for me.”[3]
Why? One must “take and read” her for oneself—a difficult
task given Weil’s eclectic interests; the variety and depth of her expertise;
her radical-creative speculations—rational and mystical—all scattered
throughout apparently random journal entries. One must not replace a reading of Weil with books about her.
Indeed, the reader should probably pick up a biography of her life and a few of
her works (e.g. Gravity and Grace,
Waiting for God) before starting
this collection (as they require some familiarity with her) … but the essays in
The Christian Platonism of SW do
bring together her scattered thoughts and themes into a measure of cohesion,
something I am grateful for.
The essays in the book are as follows:
1. Simone Weil and Platonism: an Introductory Reading /
Louis Dupre
2. The Limits and Significance of Simone Weil's Platonism
/ Michel Narcy
3. Transcendence, Immanence, and Practical Deliberation in
Simone Weil's Early and Middle years / Michael Ross
4. Simone Weil: Completing Platonism through a Consistent
Materialism / Robert Chenavier
5. The Christian Materialism of Simone Weil / Patrick
Patterson and Lawrence E. Schmidt
6. Simone Weil and the Divine Poetry of Mathematics /
Vance G. Morgan
7. To On: a Nameless Something over which the Mind
Stumbles / Florence de Lussy
8. Reconstructing Platonism: the Trinitarian Metaxology of
Simone Weil / Emmanuel Gabellieri
9. Freedom / Martin Andic
10. Countermimesis and Simone Weil's Christian Platonism /
Cyril O'Regan
11. "I dreamed I saw St. Augustine …" / Eric
O. Springsted
12. Simone Weil: the Impossible / David Tracy
I mentioned other important fronts where these essays gain
significant territory as they lead us to think with Weil (as Grant did), not only about her:
(i) Thinking with Weil and engaging with her startling mind
is a marvelous corrective for those who’ve dismissed Plato and his idea of the
Good and God as archaic and passé. Weil’s Plato is a mystic whose intellect is
enlightened by love, a lover of God whose noetic knowledge is validated by a
love ethic for a just society. Having lived in an era where the brutal facts of
history had discredited modernity’s so-called enlightenment as morally
bankrupt, both Weil and Grant look back in time. They see Plato’s Good
fulfilled in the Cross, providing an intersection between the goodness of God
and the affliction of humanity.
(ii) Thinking with Weil carves out a little space to bring
“God” back into the semantic range of philosophy. University philosophers may
roll their eyes at talk of God; or variously mock or scream bloody murder at
Christianity; or recount the litany of horrors perpetrated by the Church
throughout history (with a great measure of warrant) … but their students are
writing poems to Simone Weil. She gives us permission to remember a time when
we could seriously wrestle with ultimate reality, goodness, beauty and justice,
and the great question of theodicy. She, like George Grant, explored the
relationship of rational and noetic knowledge, reason and revelation, “Athens
and Jerusalem”—a marriage our culture has attempted to divorce in our hearts
for a number of centuries.
(iii) Thinking with Simone Weil provides a healthy balance for
those who have sought to make early Christianity exclusively the child of
Judaism. They do well to remind us that Jesus and his early followers were
Jewish practitioners of the Torah and that anti-Semitism in Christ’s name is as
ridiculous as it is evil. And yet … Simone Weil, a secular Jew who recoiled at
the violence of God in her people’s own Scriptures, reminds us of the
intimations of Greek thought and Platonic theology to be found in the early Christian
writings (esp. John and Paul). She sees Socrates as every bit the forerunner of
the Gospel that we have traditionally in Isaiah or John the Baptist, something
the reader may want to see firsthand in her Intimations of Christianity
among the Ancient Greeks.
* * * * *
Exiles from Nowhere by Alan Mendelson is of course written in a
completely different genre. For the most part, this is a careful and fair work
of Canadian history through a particular lens: anti-Semitism—ranging from vulgar to genteel—across 150 years of Canadian history. Mendelson examines the
relationship of Canada’s political and intellectual elite with the Jewish
community, and some interesting connections emerge with specific reference to
George P. Grant’s place in Canadian history.
Although the book’s subtitle names Canada’s elite, Mendelson
really focuses on English-speaking Ontario and one thread that he brings to a
climax in George Parkin Grant, his colleague at McMaster University in the late
seventies. First, the Exiles from Nowhere covers
the relationship between Grant’s political and familial forerunners (Goldwin
Smith, Henri Bourassa, Mackenzie King, George M. Grant, George Parkin, and
Vincent Massey) with the Jews. And second, it examines some of Grant’s
influences (his “intellectual pantheon”: Arnold Toynbee, Martin Heidegger,
Louis-Ferdinand Celine, and Simone Weil) and their relationship with the Jews.
One cannot help but be impressed with the sheer magnitude of
research that stands behind this work. The diligence is manifest in the sixty
pages of notes that show us Mendelson's digging through primary sources, including scores
of personal letters between the characters involved. Considering Mendelson’s
scholarship, his personal acquaintance with Grant, and the importance of this
book to a Canadian historian’s library, I’m loathe to presume a critique of it.
Nevertheless …
When one dons lenses in search of anti-Semitism, a historian
may become vulnerable to distortions in their read of people, intentions, and
events … even their alleged silence (e.g. Grant’s silence [!?] re: Heidegger
and the Nazis, p. 227). In Mendelson’s case, the distortion should not be
exaggerated, but at times, manifests as unfortunate understatements and
overstatements. For example, minimizing Grant’s self-acknowledged “great debt”
to Jewish scholar Leo Strauss as a “brief flirtation” or exalting Oxford’s
Arnold Toynbee into a place in Grant’s “intellectual pantheon” are bizarre and obvious errors that
should be impossible for such a careful scholar. Such missteps occur when one’s critical
eye has come too close to the magnifying glass.
Mendelson’s brilliance truly shines in setting a contextual
stage on which to analyze particular statements or acts of anti-Semitism (e.g.
Grant vs. Leonard Cohen, p. 288ff). But certain small-p prejudices also surface
when he moves from explicit acts of anti-Semitic negligence or exclusion (e.g.
by Grant’s uncle Vincent Massey, p. 136ff) into what he calls “genteel
anti-Semitism” (p. 2-3) as distinguished from “vulgar” anti-Semitism. The former
entails an intellectual disagreement with Judaism (i.e. a critique of Jewish
non-acceptance of Christianity or oppression of non-Jews) while the latter
proposes vulgar hatred and violence towards Jews.
The trouble I have with the label “genteel anti-Semitism” is
that it paints virtually anyone who does not promote Zionism with the same
brush as Hitler, admitting only that they take a subtler form. It stirs ideological,
political, and theological disagreement into the same bowl as holocausts and
atrocities. Just a few examples suffice: (i) Do Grant and Weil’s abhorrence of
God-commanded genocides in the Hebrew Scriptures constitute hatred of the Jews?
(ii) Does Grant and Weil’s conviction that the Cross of Christ is the supreme
expression of God’s love and justice amount to anti-Semitism? (iii) Is Weil an
anti-Semite because she is unwilling to be excluded from the teaching
profession due to her Jewish bloodline, in spite of the fact that she was a
non-practicing, secular French Jew? (iv) Does Grant and Weil’s pacifism; their
hatred of the carnage of two World Wars; their hopes for peaceful solutions
(however naïve), make them silent assenters to the holocaust? Mendelson might
not say as much. But by his own standards of implication, I would have to
conclude that disagreement and critique, whether on theological or political
grounds (their own prophets notwithstanding!), makes one anti-Semitic in its most subtle—and perhaps most
dangerous—form.
[1] Larry
Schmidt (ed.), George Grant in Process: Essays and Conversations, (Toronto: Anansi Press, 1998), 199.
[2] William
Christian, George Grant: A Biography
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993), 157.
[3] William
Christian and Sheila Grant (eds.), The George Grant Reader (Toronto, London, Buffalo: The University of Toronto
Press, 1998), 237.